However, previous literature has suggested the effectiveness of BT in OA, and although limited, also in HOA. Indeed, in the last years, a number of randomized, controlled or observational studies were published in this field. The obtained results showed a positive effect of BT on pain, function, hand strength, and Qol. The long-term studies demonstrated that the clinical efficacy lasted over time, after the treatment. Moreover, the various studies have also demonstrated the safety of BT treatment for patients with HOA, resulting in a limited number of mild adverse effects. These findings highlight the potential therapeutic efficacy of BT interventions and support their inclusion as a complementary approach in managing HOA and preventing its progression.

In this presentation the Author shows the clinical and radiological aspects of HOA and its different phenotypes, discuss the role of pharmacological and non pharmacological approaches, analyzes recent evidence on BT in HOA and suggests the appropriate modality of balneotherapic treatment.